Diego Batista-Menezes
Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología CeNAT
0000-0002-4993-6171
Gabriela Montes de Oca-Vásquez
Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología CeNAT
0000-0003-2012-816X
Melissa Camacho-Elizondo
Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología CeNAT
0000-0003-3553-9041
Nicole Lecot
Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología CeNAT
0000-0003-2531-8026
Mary Lopretti
Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología CeNAT
0000-0002-2984-7569
José Roberto Vega-Baudrit
Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología CeNAT
0000-0002-2002-1744
Acerca de
La biomasa lignocelulósica, que anualmente supera los 8 billones de toneladas a nivel global, se posiciona como una fuente de materia prima invaluable. Costa Rica, con su próspera agroindustria, destaca en productos como banano, piña y café, contribuyendo significativamente al panorama mundial. Aunque el sector agropecuario representa alrededor del 10 % del PIB, la gestión de residuos presenta desafíos notables, ya que aproxi-madamente la mitad de las fincas no cuenta con un tratamiento adecuado de sus residuos. Ante este escenario, estrategias como la incorporación de residuos en procesos productivos emergen como soluciones clave para crear valor agregado en diversas industrias. La composición química de los residuos biomásicos, principalmente celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina, posibilita su fraccionamiento y extracción para la síntesis de productos como etanol, enzimas y nanocelulosa.
Esta última, derivada de la celulosa, destaca por sus notables propiedades mecánicas, térmicas y biocompatibles, consolidándose como un material de alto valor. La despolimerización de la biomasa puede llevarse a cabo mediante tratamientos químicos, químicomecánicos o biológicos, como la hidrólisis enzimática. La integración de nanofibras de celulosa, producto derivado de la nanocelulosa, ha suscitado un interés creciente en diversas industrias, desde polímeros y materiales hasta aplicaciones médicas y alimenticias. Su incorporación en membranas poliméricas ha mejorado significativamente las propiedades mecánicas, lo que podría tener aplicaciones prometedoras en la conservación de alimentos y la administración de fármacos. Además, se están investigando la viabilidad de la producción a escala industrial y la generación de recubrimientos antimicrobianos a partir de subproductos del proceso de producción de nanocelulosa. Este capítulo detalla los tratamientos y técnicas empleados por el Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología y presenta experiencias prácticas en diversas áreas, respaldadas por proyectos nacionales e internacionales.
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